LAUSR

Treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) using animal‐derived lung surfactant preparations has reduced the mortality of handling premature infants with RDS to a 50th of that in the 1960s. The supply of animal‐derived lung surfactants is limited and only a part of the preterm babies is treated. Thus, there is a need to develop well‐defined synthetic replicas based on key components of natural surfactant. A synthetic product that equals natural‐derived surfactants would enable cost‐efficient production and could also facilitate the development of the treatments of other lung diseases than neonatal RDS. Recently the first synthetic surfactant that contains analogues of the two hydrophobic surfactant proteins B (SP‐B) and SP‐C entered clinical trials for the treatment of neonatal RDS. The development of functional synthetic analogues of SP‐B and SP‐C, however, is considerably more challenging than anticipated 30 years ago when the first structural information of the native proteins became available. For SP‐B, a complex three‐dimensional dimeric structure stabilized by several disulphides has necessitated the design of miniaturized analogues. The main challenge for SP‐C has been the pronounced amyloid aggregation propensity of its transmembrane region. The development of a functional non‐aggregating SP‐C analogue that can be produced synthetically was achieved by designing the amyloidogenic native sequence so that it spontaneously forms a stable transmembrane α‐helix.