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OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) periostin levels in patients with gingivitis (G) and periodontitis (P). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 90 subjects, 30 patients with P, 30 with G and 30 periodontally healthy (H) subjects were included. Patients with periodontal disease received non-surgical periodontal treatment. GCF periostin levels were assessed at baseline, at the 6th week and the 3rd month after treatment. RESULTS It was found that GCF periostin level was the lowest in the H group (89.31[47.12] pg/30sc), followed by the G group (132.82[145.14] pg/30sc), and the highest in the P group (207.75[189.45] pg/30sc). These differences were statistically significant between H and the other groups (P < 0.001). After treatment, GCF periostin levels significantly decreased at the 6th week and the 3rd month in the G group; at the 3rd month in the P group compared to baseline values (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that GCF periostin plays a role as a reliable biological marker in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and non-surgical periodontal treatment is effective in decreasing GCF periostin levels.