LAUSR

Two-photon holographic optogenetics enables precise modulation of brain activity Perception and behavior emerge from the coordinated and orchestrated activity of neurons in brain circuits. Individual, functionally coherent neurons form ensembles, which become the building blocks of large-scale circuitry to drive the brain machinery (1). The ability to modulate brain activity in a spatiotemporal pattern with high specificity (millisecond time scale and cellular resolution) has great implications for interfacing with this sophisticated machinery. In fundamental science, it provides a powerful tool to dissect neuronal circuits in very fine detail and study causality among neural activity, circuit dynamics, and behavior (2–6). In translational medicine, it plays an important role in treating brain disorders (7, 8) and holds great promise to become a new tool for precision medicine.