LAUSR

This study demonstrates that halophyte root-associated microorganisms can promote crop tolerance to salt stress and clarify the mechanism by which the strains work in rhizosphere soil. The links among salt-tolerant microorganisms, soil, and plants established in this study can inform strategies for improving crop cultivation in salinized lands. ABSTRACT Root-associated microorganisms are widely recognized as playing an important role in mitigating stress-induced damage to plants, but the responses of rhizosphere microbial communities after inoculation and their relationship with plant responses remain unclear. In this study, the bacterium Providencia vermicola BR68 and the fungus Sarocladium kiliense FS18 were selected from among 91 strains isolated from the halophyte Suaeda salsa to interact with maize seedlings under salt stress. The results showed that compared with NaCl-only treatment, inoculation with strains BR68 and FS18 significantly improved the growth, net photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activities of maize; significantly reduced proline content and generation rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and alleviated oxidative stress and osmotic stress. Moreover, inoculation with these two strains increased the activities of soil microbiome enzymes such as sucrase, catalase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, which improved maize physiologies and promoted maize growth under salt stress. In addition, these inoculated strains significantly affected the abundance of certain genera, and the correlation trends for these genera with soil properties and maize physiologies were similar to those of these inoculated strains. Strain BR68 was indirectly associated with bacterial communities through BR-specific biomarkers, and bacterial communities and soil properties explained most of the variation in maize physiologies and growth. Inoculation of strain FS18 was directly associated with variations in soil properties and maize physiologies. The two strains improved maize growth under salt stress and alleviated stress damage in maize in different ways. The links among salt-tolerant microorganisms, soil, and plants established in this study can inform strategies for improving crop cultivation in salinized lands. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates that halophyte root-associated microorganisms can promote crop tolerance to salt stress and clarify the mechanism by which the strains work in rhizosphere soil. The links among salt-tolerant microorganisms, soil, and plants established in this study can inform strategies for improving crop cultivation in salinized lands.