LAUSR

### Summary box The past half-century has seen a significant shift in the quality and quantity of human diets, and resulting epidemiology, worldwide. 1 2 Nutrition and associated health and demographic transitions were once accepted as near-linear, gradual processes. Heavily influenced by rapid economic and income growth, globalisation, demographic changes and urbanisation, many nations are now experiencing a fast evolving and more complex nutrition reality. In 2014, approximately 1.9 billion adults were estimated to be overweight or obese,3 while 462 million were underweight.4 An estimated 41 million children under the age of five were overweight or obese but 155 million were affected by stunting and 52 million by wasting by 20165. In low-income and middle-income countries, almost 5 million children continued to die of undernutrition-related causes; yet, simultaneously many of these same populations now witness an unprecedented rise in childhood overweight and obesity. The result is a double burden of malnutrition—the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity or with nutrition-related noncommunicable disease.6 At the individual level, the double burden of malnutrition may manifest in two or more forms of simultaneous malnutrition—for …