LAUSR

Simulation of particle crushing is a critical topic in computational mechanics, and in particular, 3D dynamic damage analysis using peridynamics (PD) constitutes an attractive research field. This study proposes a variable bond force peridynamic model (VBF-PD) that incorporates 3D micromodulus functions for different VBF forms, which have not been presented in previous literature. The proposed VBF-PD is capable of capturing the variation of bond force density along the interaction direction of a PD bond. An improved dynamic damage model is developed to effectively simulate particle crushing. Two constraint methods are introduced to characterise the interactions of deformable particle-particle and rigid impactor-particle. Then, benchmark tests are performed to examine numerical performance of the proposed VBF-PD. The results demonstrate that the method effectively simulates particle crushing with high fidelity. The particle aggregation model is constructed to explore the effects of particle arrangements, loadings, and material properties on failure modes. The findings provide valuable insights, revealing that the behaviour of particle aggregations differs significantly from that of few-particle systems due to the complex interactions among particles.