LAUSR

The antimicrobial activity of metal-based compounds, including metal oxides, has resulted in numerous agricultural, industrial, and medical applications. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are toxic to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as to some fungi. In this study we assess the sensitivity of Campylobacter fetus, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen of humans and animals, to ZnO nanoparticles and determine whether the S layer protects C. fetus from the antibacterial action of these nanoparticles. Broth and agar dilution assays revealed that ZnO nanoparticles at 100 μg/mL were bacteriocidal for C. fetus. Resazurin reduction assays confirmed the absence of metabolic activity, indicating that C. fetus cells had not entered into a viable but nonculturable state. Photoactivation of ZnO nanoparticles greatly enhanced their antibacterial activity, as evidenced by minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) values decreasing to 16-62.5 μg/mL as a function of strain. MBC assays completed in the presence and absence of catalase revealed that H2O2, a product of ZnO nanoparticle photoactivation, contributed to C. fetus but not to C. jejuni cell death. S-layer-expressing C. fetus strains were more resistant to H2O2-mediated cell killing than were isogenic S-layer-deficient strains. These data indicate that C. fetus is sensitive to the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles and that the C. fetus S layer imparts protection against photoactivated nanoparticles.