Examining composite operators in non-commutative (NC) spaces, we show that these operators do not have a simple gauge transformation which can be attributed to the effective total charge of the… Click to show full abstract
Examining composite operators in non-commutative (NC) spaces, we show that these operators do not have a simple gauge transformation which can be attributed to the effective total charge of the composite particle. Using this result, along with the known constraint on charges permitted in NC quantum electrodynamics, we place a limit on the scale of non-commutativity to be at most smaller than current LHC limits for compositeness. Furthermore, this also suggests that a substructure at still smaller scales is necessary if such spaces are to be a physical reality.
               
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