LAUSR

Cyber-systems are now available anytime, anywhere, by different means, and distributed unobtrusively throughout everyday environments in which physical objects/artifacts embedded with invisible computers are sensible and networked locally and globally. The Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a speedily emerging arena, which is going to cover every aspect of life in the near future. Semiconductors and the Internet have revolutionized and transformed our lives in how we interact with information and led to the growth of information technology; now we are into a paradigm of CPS that would transform the way we interact with and manipulate the physical systems. As CPS represents a bold new generation of systems that integrate computing and communication capabilities with the dynamics of physical and engineered systems, it has not been realized how it is going to impact the economy and social structure as vast major investments are being made worldwide in developing this technology. The physical world, however, is not entirely predictable. Although it is yet unclear what exactly the real cyber-physical integrated worlds would be, there is no doubt that they must be “dependable” (Bhuiyan et al. 2016, 2017a). Increasingly, individuals, practitioners, and organizations started developing or procuring sophisticated CPSs on whose dependability of services they need to place great confidence. Future CPSs need to close the dependability gap in the face of challenges in different circumstances and services, e.g., continuity, effective performance, real-time responsiveness, ability to overcome data