LAUSR

Tumor growth and progression is influenced by the composition of the tumor microenvironment including host stromal cells and immune cells. In prostate cancer, a large proportion of the tumor volume is made up of macrophages, and high macrophage infiltrate correlates with poor prognosis. Macrophages can be polarized to various subtypes including M1 and M2 in response to stimuli in their environment. M1 macrophages have anti-tumor functions such as immune stimulation. M2 macrophages have pro-tumor functions such as promoting angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and immune suppression. The majority of prostate cancer tumor-associated macrophages exhibit M2-like characteristics. Thus, targeting M2 tumor-associated macrophages is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. M2 macrophages engage in efferocytosis, or phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. This process is an anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive event that promotes tissue remodeling and tumor growth. The TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases whose role in efferocytosis has been well described in the literature. The TAM receptors bind phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells using their ligands Gas6 and Protein S as bridging proteins. Following binding to phosphatidylserine, TAM receptor signaling induces a cytoskeleton rearrangement to engulf the apoptotic cell. Since efferocytosis is a tumor promoting process, we hypothesize targeting the TAM receptors on M2 macrophages may be a beneficial anti-cancer strategy. We are characterizing TAM receptor expression on M1 and M2 macrophages using two complementary in vitro methods: macrophage polarization of monocytes derived from healthy human donors and of the acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Cell surface markers of M1 macrophages (CD86) and M2 macrophages (CD163 and CD206) were measured to assess polarization by flow cytometry. We are currently further confirming the degree of polarization by measuring cytokine secretion and mRNA expression of M1- and M2-associated genes. We used flow cytometry analysis to assess TAM receptor expression on the in vitro polarized M1 and M2 macrophages. In the human monocyte derived model, we detected higher levels of expression of MerTK and Tyro3 on M2 macrophages in several biological replicates. We also found that M2 THP-1 macrophages express higher levels of MerTK and Tyro3 than M1 THP-1 macrophages, consistent with macrophages from the monocyte derived model. In conclusion, these data support the TAM receptors as a relevant therapeutic target for inhibiting M2 pro-tumor functions. Further work by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence staining will be used to confirm higher levels of the MerTK and Tyro3 on M2 macrophages and further investigate expression of Axl on M1 and M2 macrophages. Citation Format: Kayla V. Myers, Kenneth J. Pienta. Targeting the TAM receptors on prostate cancer tumor-associated macrophages [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4556.