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INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between Cajal cell density and preoperative and postoperative radiological and scintigraphic parameters in ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). METHODS The study group consisted of 41 renal units (38 consecutive patients; 13 female and 25 male) surgically treated for UPJO. UPJ specimens from patients were immuno-stained with CD117 (c-kit) antibody for interstitial Cajal cells (ICCs). The relation between Cajal cell density and preoperative and postoperative radiological and scintigraphic parameters was evaluated. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 8.52 ± 8.86 (0-35) years. The density of Cajal cells was defined in 2 groups for convenient analysis as 0-5 cells (low) in 19 (46.3%) patients and >5 cells (moderate-high) in 22 (53.6%). There was significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior diameters of the related kidneys in both Cajal groups (p = 0.001-low, p = 0.000-moderate-high) independent of Cajal cell density. Regression in hydronephrosis postoperatively was determined in both Cajal groups (77.8%-low, 64.7%-moderate-high); however, there was no difference between them (p = 0.39). Preoperative T1/2 was significantly longer in the low Cajal group (p = 0.02). Postoperative T1/2 decreased in both low (p = 0.000) and moderate-high (p = 0.001) Cajal groups, but no difference was found between them (p = 0.24). There was significant improvement in the kidney differential function after surgery in the low Cajal density group (p = 0.015) while there was no correlation between the scintigraphic success or improvement and Cajal cell density (p = 0.51). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION ICC deficiency/density could not be shown as a predictive factor for the determination of success rate of pyeloplasty. Despite the lack of any evidence for the degree of deficiency as an indicator for the severity of obstruction and prediction of surgical success, further studies are needed for confirmation.