LAUSR

Descriptions of probable PCOS can be found in ancient Roman writings and in Renaissance art. Attention to domesticated animal reproduction led ancient observers to understand the role of the testes in male phenotypes, proven experimentally by testicular transplantation (in chickens) in 1849. Testosterone was isolated and its structure determined in the 1930s, but the multiple pathways of androgen synthesis have only been delineated recently. Adrenarche as an event separate from puberty was described in 1937, but the mechanism(s) triggering its onset remains unclear, although most work points to intraadrenal events. The identification of 11-ketotestosterone as the principal adrenal androgen is very recent (2018). Definitions of PCOS have evolved with the elucidation of its complex biology. PCOS is now recognized as a complex disorder characterized by irregular menses and hyperandrogenism often associated with infertility; its prevalence may be as high as 20% of reproductive age women. Work in the 1980s associated premature exaggerated adrenarche with PCOS, linking the adrenal to an “ovarian” syndrome. Obesity has long been noted in many patients with PCOS, and associated insulin resistance was noted in the 1980s, possibly associated with fetal developmental events such as low birth weight, but the mechanistic link between carbohydrate metabolism and hyperandrogenism remains unclear, despite intensive investigation. Genome-wide association studies have identified apparently associated genes, but mechanistic links are apparent for only some of these. Adrenarche, PCOS, and adrenal and ovarian hyperandrogenism remain very active areas of clinical and basic research.