LAUSR

Suspension and expulsion, or disciplinary exclusion, are applied when students are perceived as engaging in unsafe behaviours, for example: being disruptive or aggressive, possessing, using or trafficking a weapon, engaging in physical or sexual assault, committing robbery, threatening, possessing alcohol or drugs, swearing at authority or bullying (Gill, 2017; Government of Ontario, 2009; NSW Department of Education and Communities, 2011). Despite the violence and adversity inherent in these situations, very little attention has been paid to experiences of violence, trauma or adversity in the lives of students who are disciplinarily excluded (Crosby et al., 2018; Mallett, 2017;