LAUSR

This paper presents five locomotive traction models for the purpose of train dynamics simulations, such as longitudinal train dynamics simulations. Model 1 is a look-up table model with a constant force limit to represent the adhesion limit without modelling the wheel–rail contact. Model 2 is improved from Model 1 by empirically simulating locomotive sanding systems, variable track conditions and traction force reduction due to curving. Model 3 and Model 4 have included modelling of the wheel–rail contact and traction control. Model 3 uses a two-dimensional locomotive model while Model 4 uses a three-dimensional locomotive. Model 5 is based on Model 2 and developed to simulate hybrid locomotives. Demonstrative simulations are presented for the case of longitudinal train dynamics. The results show that the consideration of locomotive sanding systems, variable track conditions and traction force reduction have evident implications on the simulated traction forces. There can be up to 30% difference in the simulated traction forces. Simulated traction forces by models that consider the wheel–rail contact are about 10–15% lower than those simulated by models without consideration of the wheel–rail contact. This is mainly due to the variable friction in the wheel–rail contact and conservative traction control schemes.