LAUSR

Insects represent the most abundant and speciose group of animals on this planet having established diverse and rather complex interactions with many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Although the interactions of insects with plants and vertebrates have been extensively studied, their interactions with microorganisms, despite their major significance from the ecological and evolutionary point of view, are still poorly characterized. However, the importance of the microorganisms on insects’ biology and physiology is gradually being unravelled. True fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are no exception, as they have established sophisticated interactions with microorganisms. There are over 5000 species in this family, many of which are destructive pests of fruits and vegetables. Beyond the direct damage caused by flies ovipositing in ripening fruit, some species are highly invasive, and incur major trade problems across and within national and international borders. These result in strict and costly quarantine regulations. The use of insecticides to control these pests, while effective on the short term, is associated with major environmental and health concerns. Accordingly, The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is deployed against several fruit fly species. This is an environment-friendly, species-specific and environmentfriendly technology which can be used as an additional tool in integrated pest management programmes. As the efficiency of SIT may be hampered by quality control and cost effectiveness, major research efforts have focussed on ways to improve this process. These focus on the quality of the insects reared for release and the reduction of operational costs. The symbiotic relationships of tephritids were recognized as potential targets for improving sterile fly quality and reducing costs of production, and the papers in this collection describe this research effort. Coordinated Research Projects are a very powerful mechanism to bring together scientists in an attempt to fill knowledge gaps and solve important problems IAEA Member States may be facing. Eight years ago, a coordinated research project (CRP) entitled “Use of Symbiotic Bacteria to Reduce Mass-Rearing Costs and Increase Mating Success in Selected Fruit Pests in Support of SIT Application” was implemented by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Carlos Cáceres of the FAO/IAEA was the coordinator of this initiative which attracted the participation of 21 scientists from 16 countries, originating from diverse scientific fields, with the common goal of disentangling the symbiotic associations between the fruit flies and various microorganisms. The CRP focused on four key areas of research that could improve the quality management of fruit flies for use in SIT programmes: (1) eliminating the use of expensive ingredients in the larval diet (e.g. brewers / torula yeasts) and chemicals which are used to restrict the presence of unwanted microorganisms thus improving the productivity and quality of mass-reared insect colonies, (2) the use of radiation may disrupt the symbiotic community of mass-reared flies by enabling the presence of some bacterial species while limiting others. Determining the impact of radiation on the symbiotic communities will ultimately result to the development of responses to mitigate these effects in a manner that optimizes SIT efficiency; (3) restoring the symbiotic bacterial community in