LAUSR

Background Mounting studies have shown that hyperuricemia is related to kidney diseases through multiple ways. However, the application of urinary uric acid indicators in patients with reduced renal function is not clear. In this study, we aim to determine the effects of renal function on various indicators reflecting uric acid levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Anthropometric and biochemical examinations were performed in 625 patients with CKD recruited from Dept of Nephrology of Huadong hospital affiliated to Fudan University. Multiple regression analyses were used to study correlations of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with serum uric acid (SUA) and renal handling of uric acid. For further study, smooth curve plots and threshold effect analyses were applied to clarify associations between renal function and uric acid levels. Results The nonlinear relationships were observed between eGFR and urinary uric acid indicators. The obvious inflection points were observed in smooth curve fitting of eGFR and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEur), excretion of uric acid per volume of glomerular filtration (EurGF). In subsequent analyses where levels of eGFR< 15 mL/min/1.73m 2 were dichotomized (CKD5a/CKD5b), patients in the CKD5a showed higher levels of FEur and EurGF while lower levels of urinary uric acid excretion (UUA), clearance of uric acid (Cur) and glomerular filtration load of uric acid (FLur) compared with CKD5b group (all P  < 0.05). And there was no significant difference of SUA levels between two groups. On the other hand, when eGFR< 109.9 ml/min/1.73 m 2 and 89.1 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , the resultant curves exhibited approximately linear associations of eGFR with Cur and FLur respectively. Conclusion FEur and EurGF showed significantly compensatory increases with decreased renal function. And extra-renal uric acid excretion may play a compensatory role in patients with severe renal impairment to maintain SUA levels. Moreover, Cur and FLur may be more reliable indicators of classification for hyperuricemia in CKD patients.