LAUSR

Objective To develop a collision engine (haptic force feedback simulator) compatible with a 5-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) haptic wand. This has broad applications such as telerobotic ultrasound systems. Integrating force feedback into systems is critical to optimize remote scanning. A collision engine compatible with a 5-DOF haptic wand was developed based on the Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi algorithm. The collision engine calculated force during collision between the wand and a virtual object based on code developed using MATLAB. A proportional force was subsequently returned to a user via the haptic wand, thereby simulating the collision force for the user. Three experiments were conducted to assess the accuracy of the collision engine on curved and flat surfaces. Results The average errors in calculation of distances between the wand and virtual object were 2.1 cm, 3.4 cm, and 4.2 cm for the model of the human hand, cylinder, and cuboid, respectively. The collision engine accurately simulated forces on a flat surface, though was less accurate on curved surfaces. Future work will incorporate haptic force feedback into a telerobotic ultrasound system. The haptic force simulator presented here may also be used in the development of ultrasound simulators for training and education.