LAUSR

Purpose In the characterization of severe lung diseases, early detection of specific inflammatory cells could help to monitor patients’ response to therapy and increase chances of survival. Macrophages contribute to regulating the resolution and termination of inflammation and have increasingly been of interest for targeted therapies. [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE is an established clinical radiopharmaceutical targeting somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR 2). Since activated macrophages (M1) overexpress SSTR 2, the aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of M1 macrophages in pulmonary inflammation. Methods Inflammation in the pig lungs was induced by warm saline lavage followed by injurious ventilation in farm pigs ( n  = 7). Healthy pigs ( n  = 3) were used as control. A 60-min dynamic PET scan over the lungs was performed after [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE injection and [ 18 F]FDG scan was executed afterward for comparison. The uptake of both tracers was assessed as mean standardized uptake values (SUV mean ) 30–60-min post-injection. The PET scans were followed by computed tomography (CT) scans, and the Hounsfield units (HU) were quantified of the coronal segments. Basal and apical segments of the lungs were harvested for histology staining. A rat lung inflammation model was also studied for tracer specificity using lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Organ biodistribution, ex vivo autoradiography (ARG) and histology samples were conducted on LPS treated, octreotide induced blocking and control healthy rats. Results The accumulation of [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE on pig lavage model was prominent in the more severely injured dorsal segments of the lungs (SUVmean = 0.91 ± 0.56), compared with control animals (SUVmean = 0.27 ± 0.16, p  < 0.05). The tracer uptake corresponded to the damaged areas assessed by CT and histology and were in line with HU quantification. The [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE uptake in LPS treated rat lungs could be blocked and was significantly higher compared with control group. Conclusion The feasibility of the noninvasive assessment of tissue macrophages using [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE/PET was demonstrated in both porcine and rat lung inflammation models. [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE has a great potential to be used to study the role and presence of macrophages in humans in fight against severe lung diseases.