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A s an appealing, physiologically plausible treatment, humidified oxygen delivery via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been rapidly adopted for the treatment of bronchiolitis despite weak evidence supporting its routine and early use in hypoxemic infants.1 Although HFNC use has been associated with decreased work of breathing and lower rates of progression to invasive ventilation in some studies, the one large trial published on the topic found no difference between early HFNC and standard oxygen therapy on length of stay in hospital, duration of oxygen therapy, or rates of intubation.2,3 No adequately powered studies have examined the effect of ward-based HFNC initiation on ICU transfer, an outcome that it is designed to prevent. In this month’s issue of the Journal of Hospital Medicine, Coon et al examine the association between the implementation of ward-based HFNC initiation protocols and subsequent ICU transfer rates.4 Hospitals enrolled in the Pediatric Health Information System database were surveyed about their HFNC use and protocol implementation, with 41 (93% response rate) hospitals replying, 12 of which implemented ward-based HFNC initiation protocols during 2010 to 2016. Administrative data for bronchiolitis encounters were obtained with use of International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revisions, coding of children aged 3 to 24 months discharged during the respiratory seasons of the study period. The authors used an interrupted time series analysis to study the association between ward-based HFNC protocol initiation and several outcomes, revealing a small but significant increase in ICU transfers (absolute difference, 3.1%; 95% CI, 2.8%-3.4%) and ICU length of stay (absolute difference, 9.1 days per 100 patients; 95% CI 5.1-13.2), but not overall length of stay or use of mechanical ventilation. Modifications to the analysis that account for a learning period during the first season of implementation at each hospital, and for trends among nonadopting hospitals, did not substantially affect the findings. The authors acknowledged many of the study’s limitations, including its retrospective design, presumption of bronchiolitis discharge code validity, restriction to tertiary care hospitals, and analysis of hospital-level rather than patient-level variables and outcomes. Because the data source does not capture patientlevel HFNC use, the number and characteristics of patients receiving HFNC at the centers are unknown. It is also important to note that the 12 included protocols are quite heterogeneous, with differing exclusion criteria, maximum flow rates, and indications for ICU transfer. Given the rapid evolution of ward-based HFNC use for bronchiolitis, these protocols from 2010 to 2016 are already out of date. All of the protocols allowed much lower maximum flow rates (4-10 L/min) than would typically be expected today (usually 2 L/kg per minute, which translates to 10 L/min of flow for a 5-kg child or 20 L/min for a 10-kg child). Many also had time-based criteria prompting ICU transfer (eg, 24 hours without improvement) that are not typically included in more recent protocols. Few had instructions for weaning or discontinuation of HFNC. In spite of the above limitations, the results of this large, multicenter study advance our understanding of the consequences of ward-based protocols for HFNC initiation. However, it is important to contextualize this work as an examination of the implementation of a technology to a broad population in a specific era, not necessarily a study of the effectiveness of the technology itself. The pediatric hospital medicine community has long recognized the need for more evidence regarding HFNC use.5-7 Coon et al have highlighted possible unintended consequences, notably increased ICU use, that may be associated with ward-based HFNC implementation on a population basis. This finding mirrors evidence from a recent similarly designed study analyzing Canadian tertiary care centers implementing HFNC administration during 2009 to 2014, though not specifically limited to ward use.8 More recently there has been discussion of how we might deimplement ward-based HFNC protocols. Although it is increasingly clear that HFNC is not a panacea for bronchiolitis, there is not necessarily a problem with the technology; the problem that this study so clearly demonstrates is how we have applied it. We need pragmatic trials of HFNC protocols to understand what parameters should guide HFNC initiation as a rescue treatment; what oxygen and flow settings might prevent ICU transfer; how it should be used in populations that have been largely excluded from trials (ie, children with medical complexity); and how to optimally wean it. With that information we could construct evidence-based, utilitarian HFNC initiation and treatment protocols to maximize benefit and minimize harm and cost. *Corresponding Author: Daniel J Sklansky, MD; Email: djsklansky@pediatrics. wisc.edu; Telephone: 608-262-5626.