LAUSR

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is currently the most common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system in men. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is recommended for the treatment of patients with localized PC. Adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT) can be administered postoperatively in patients with high-risk or locally advanced PC. Chemotherapy is a vital remedy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and may also benefit patients with PC who have not progressed to CRPC. CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of urinary irritation and dysuria with increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. After detailed examination, he was diagnosed with PC and treated with laparoscopic RP on August 3, 2020. AHT using androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was performed postoperatively because of the positive surgical margin, extracapsular extension, and neural invasion but lasted only 6 mo. Unfortunately, he was diagnosed with rectal cancer about half a year after self-cessation of AHT, and was then treated with laparoscopic radical rectal resection and adjuvant chemotherapy using the capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CapeOx) regimen. During the entire treatment process, the patient's PSA level first declined significantly after treatment of PC with laparoscopic RP and ADT, then rebounded because of self-cessation of ADT, and finally decreased again after CapeOx chemotherapy. CONCLUSION CapeOx chemotherapy can reduce PSA levels in patients with high-risk locally advanced PC, indicating that CapeOx may be an alternative chemotherapy regimen for PC.