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Lithium niobate waveguides with high-index contrast and preserved nonlinearity fabricated by a high vacuum vapor-phase proton exchange

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Highly confining waveguides without degraded nonlinear coefficient and low propagation losses have been fabricated in lithium niobate by a new process that we called High Vacuum Vapor-phase Proton Exchange (HiVac-VPE).… Click to show full abstract

Highly confining waveguides without degraded nonlinear coefficient and low propagation losses have been fabricated in lithium niobate by a new process that we called High Vacuum Vapor-phase Proton Exchange (HiVac-VPE). Index contrast, index profile, nonlinearity and crystallographic phases are carefully investigated. Original analysis of index profiles indicates that the waveguides contains sub-layers whose depths are depending on the exchange durations. Propagation behavior, propagation losses and Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) response of HiVac-VPE channel waveguides are investigated at telecom wavelength. The results recommend HiVac-VPE as very promising technique for fabricating efficient nonlinear photonic integrated circuits in LN crystals.

Keywords: exchange; high vacuum; vacuum vapor; lithium niobate; vapor phase; index

Journal Title: Photonics Research
Year Published: 2019

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