LAUSR

Aggregates are generally divided into three scenarios, depending on the production methods. The first scenario considers the production of natural aggregates (NA), while the second scenario views the production of recycled aggregates (RA) with construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The third scenario, however, is a hybrid scenario which is the combination of NA and RA, assuming a mixing percentage of 50%. In point of fact, the first scenario is the current policy implemented in many countries, whereas the second and the third scenarios are the proposed alternative options. The present study evaluates the environmental impacts and cost of the production of aggregates via each scenario, in a way that energy consumption, CO2 emissions and cost are considered as the main variables. The total cost encompasses the costs of investment, energy, and maintenance. To conclude, this research reveals that Iran’s current policy with an annual energy consumption of 1.48 million tons of oil equivalent can have a footprint of 2.88 million tons CO2eq emissions per year and cost of 1301 million USD per year (the first scenario). Achieving 30%, 36% and 32% reduction in annual energy consumption, CO2 emissions and total cost, respectively, by the third scenario compared to the first scenario unravels the destructive effect of the first scenario from environmental and economic perspectives.