LAUSR

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a rich source of vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, magnesium, manganese, iron, vitamins B, vitamin B6, vitamin E, dietary fiber, potassium and calcium. A lifelong continuous practice is that spinach contains more iron than other green leafy vegetables (Amir et al., 2015). In Pakistan, there is indiscriminate use of pesticide on crops to get high yield and spinach is one of the most vigorous pesticide-contaminated vegetable (Khan et al., 2020). Poor and insufficient exploitation of pesticides is a matter of great stress. The pesticide residues including organochlorine (OC) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides pose several health hazards to human including birth issues, reproductive disorder, circulatory problems, respiratory problems, endocrine and immune disorders and impaired central nervous system (Amir et al., 2019).