LAUSR

Abstract Reintroductions are an important recovery tool for endangered species but have had varying success. We used demographic data to evaluate the use of reintroductions for the recovery of the federally endangered Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog (Rana sierrae) in stream populations in its northern range where the species is particularly at risk. We conducted a capture–mark–recapture study from 2016–2018 in four diverse streams. One of the streams contained a high abundance of frogs that allowed us to investigate demography in a relatively healthy population. In another of the streams, we tested a reintroduction using captive-reared frogs. We used robust design Huggins and Pradel models to estimate abundance, apparent overwinter survival, recruitment, longevity, and sex ratios. Annual abundance estimates were small, with ≤52 wild adult frogs at three streams and few tadpoles or subadults seen in any of the streams. The oldest frog in our streams was at least 13 yr. Estimates of apparent survival rates of wild adults ranged from 0.55 ± 0.05 standard error (SE) to 0.90 ± 0.05 SE, and estimates of annual recruitment ranged from 0.02 ± 0.11 SE to 0.26 ± 0.03 SE per site. High survival rates leading to long-lived adults may facilitate persistence of these stream populations, whereas low recruitment may limit population growth and recovery. The two largest populations were in intermittent streams, which may reflect their roles as a refuge from fishes. At least 52% of captive-reared frogs survived their first summer after release and at least 36% survived their first winter. Apparent overwinter survival of captive-reared frogs was lower than for wild frogs, ranging from 0.29 ± 0.13 SE to 0.56 ± 0.14 SE. Because of the apparent low survival of wild eggs, tadpoles, and subadults, releasing adults as was done in this study, rather than younger life stages, may be more successful. Our results offer promise for the use of reintroductions to augment depleted populations and suggest that further research on factors affecting recruitment and survival of younger life stages is needed.