LAUSR

Light and moderate fastings belong to incomplete fasting, which includes calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, fasting-mimicking diets and periodic short-term water-only fasting with minimal calories or supplements. The incomplete fasting formulas appear to be more favored in Western countries, and have been intensively studied. For examples, incomplete fasting reduces inflammation [1], autoimmunity and multiple sclerosis symptoms [2], and optimizes immunological memory [3], blunts CD4 T helper cells activation and differentiation [4] and confers protection in CNS autoimmunity [5]. Incomplete fasting also affects immune cell dynamics and mucosal immune responses [6]. Nevertheless, incomplete fasting usually lasts a long duration until satisfactory outcomes are reached, often from weeks to months or even years, and compliance may not always be optimistic. Therefore, there is a need to consider intensive fasting format that does not last long for fasting period.