LAUSR

Background Lenvatinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has proven efficacy as the first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is no standard effective second-line treatment option following progression on lenvatinib therapy. Because of the comprehensive coverage of therapeutic targets of lenvatinib, the remission rate of other TKI treatments in HCC patients resistant to lenvatinib is quite low. Methods In this study, the effectiveness and safety of anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibodies plus lenvatinib were assessed in 46 patients between April 2018 and April 2020 at the Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, by retrospectively reviewing their clinical data. Patients with unresectable HCC who progressed on lenvatinib were given standard doses of lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 antibodies. They were followed-up every 6–8 weeks with medical imaging and laboratory tests and treatment-related adverse reactions were investigated. Results The objective response and the disease control rates were 23.9% (11/46) and 71.7% (33/46), respectively by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours 1.1 (RECIST). After a median follow-up period of 15.6 [interquartile range (IQR), 11.2–22.0] months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 6.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1–11.8] and 14.5 months (95% CI: 6.8–22.3), respectively. The most common treatment-related adverse events were anorexia (43.5%), hypothyroidism (43.5%), hypertension (36.9%), fatigue (34.8%), and diarrhea (26.1%). Grade 3/4 events occurred in 16 patients (34.8%). Emotional functioning and overall quality of life were improved significantly following the initiation of anti-PD-1 antibodies plus lenvatinib therapy (fatigue, 4.9±7.5 vs. 11.1±12.7, P=0.03; diarrhea, 12.3±20.9 vs. 18.5±16.8, P=0.01; pain, 5.5±10.3 vs. 11.1±13.9, P=0.01). Conclusions The combination of anti-PD-1 antibodies and lenvatinib may benefit patients with unresectable HCC who progressed on lenvatinib. This study provides a real-world data and treatment choice for patients progressed with lenvatinib.