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This special issue of Journal of Thoracic Disease ( JTD ) is a focused review of advances in radiation oncology for thoracic malignancies. The issue covers advances in technology relevant to the practice of radiation oncology in the modern era, as well as the most current treatment approaches for early-stage, advanced, recurrent and oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while recognizing the importance of tumor biology, radiation fractionation, immunotherapy, and functional imaging in the modern treatment of NSCLC. The issue ends with reviews of current data and treatment approaches for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), thymic malignancies, and malignant pleural mesothelioma.