LAUSR

Background Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is an atypical proinflammatory cytokine due to its binding to circulating double-stranded DNA and direct antibacterial activity. Although IL-26 has been confirmed to be involved in the pathophysiology of cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases and infections, the diagnostic and prognostic values of IL-26 levels in syphilis patients are not clear. This study aimed to investigate IL-26 levels in different stages of syphilis progression. Methods A total of 30 healthy controls and 166 patients with syphilis at different stages of disease progression were enrolled. Serum IL-26 levels were quantified in accordance with the protocols of RayBio® Human Interleukin-26 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Clinical laboratory diagnostic parameters and blood analysis data were detected and collected according to clinical medical laboratory standards. Results The levels of serum IL-26 were significantly higher in neurosyphilis patients than in healthy subjects (6.87 (4.36, 12.14) and 1.67 (0.09, 4.89) pg/μL, respectively; ****p < 0.0001), latent syphilis (1.48 (0.40, 2.05) pg/μL, ****p < 0.0001), seroresistant syphilis (0.81 (0.20, 2.91) pg/μL, ****p < 0.0001) and secondary syphilis (1.66 (0.41, 4.25) pg/μL, ****p < 0.0001) with data presented as the median with interquartile range. The concentration of serum IL-26 was most sensitive to serum low-density lipoprotein concentration (r = −0.438, **p = 0.004) in latent syphilis, urine epithelial cells (r = 0.459, **p = 0.003) in seroresistant syphilis, and serum creatinine levels (r = 0.463, **p = 0.004) and urea creatinine ratio levels (r = 0.500, **p = 0.008) in secondary syphilis patients. There was no significant correlation with the concentration of IL-26 and toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) titers in each type of syphilis patient. Conclusion Circulating IL-26 in serum displays diagnostic potential in the progression of neurosyphilis and warrants further evaluation in clinical trials.