LAUSR

Background The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is suggested to be involved in some forms of pain, but the mechanisms of which are incompletely known. Moreover, there is a lack of information on the regulatory role of the SNS on macrophages in sensory ganglion, which plays an important role in pain development. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the SNS on orofacial inflammatory pain and examine, if any, how the SNS influences trigeminal ganglion (TG) macrophage responses. Methods Sympathectomy was performed on male C57BL/6 mice before receiving a local injection of Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammatory pain. Effects of sympathectomy on orofacial pain were examined by Von Frey test and c-Fos expression. Polarization of TG macrophage was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the level of norepinephrine (NE) in the TG were determined by liquid chromatography. Sympathetic signaling to TG macrophages were predicted based on single-cell analysis. Results CFA injection induced a significant increase in mechanical allodynia, the number of c-Fos-positive neuron, and the level of NE in TG, which were largely reduced by sympathectomy. The number of M1 macrophages was markedly increased by CFA and was largely reduced by sympathectomy from 1 to 14 days post-injection. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and immunofluorescence staining showed that TG macrophages mainly express β2 adrenergic receptors for NE. Cell–cell communication analysis predicted sympathetic signaling that may modulate macrophage phenotypes, including Colony-stimulating factor-1, Migration inhibitory factor, Pleiotrophin and Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase. Conclusion The SNS may involve in CFA-induced mechanical allodynia via modulating macrophage phenotypes in the TG. Targeting sympathetic activation might be useful in treating some painful conditions in the orofacial region.