LAUSR

Water security management (WSM) has become a critical challenge in addressing water issues, especially in the context of climate change in developing countries. A more novel philosophy of WSM is required. This study addresses local WSM challenges using Hanoi, Vietnam, as a case study. The authors apply an innovative approach, Management of Nontraditional Security, inspired by Cost and Benefit Analysis and Institutional Analysis and Development frameworks. WSM challenges are identified using multidimensional cause-and-effect analyses. Relationships between costs of risk, crisis, and post-crisis recovery management (WSM cost) and water security (WS) status of safety, stability, and sustainability are analyzed. WSM cost and WS status are qualitatively assessed using low, medium, and high rating levels. The findings show that Hanoi has ineffective WSM. The authors recommend Hanoi officials first solve the existing water crises. Additionally, they should increase investment in risk management, including water infrastructure, legal regulation enforcement, citizen's behavior change, economic tools, environmental/water justice, and equitable access to water-related services. The authors recommend water policymakers develop a causal relationship mindset between WSM cost and WS status to prioritize resources in addressing WSM challenges. This study provides a new way of understanding and managing WS, particularly in developing countries.