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BACKGROUND Recently, there has been increasing interest in nanomaterials processed using renewable and sustainable resources. Nanocellulose-based materials are of paramount value in the applications of biomedicine owing to their tailorable surface modification, favorable optical transparency, good hydrophilicity, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding mechanical properties. METHODS In the review, the recent advancements of nanocellulose, including cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and bacterial cellulose (BC), are summarized, which are promising for biomedical applications. RESULTS By discussing different forms (one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D)), the superiority of the nanocellulose-based materials with different constructed structures will be clarified for various biomedical applications, such as biosensing, drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. CONCLUSION Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for future development of nanocellulose-based materials in biomedical applications are also discussed at the end in the review.