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BACKGROUND The severity and mortality of sepsis is related to excessive inflammation and cytokine storm. Nevertheless, little is known about why sepsis has a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokine production, which leads to more severe inflammatory damage. METHOD Mesenchymal stem cells have achieved certain results in the treatment of sepsis, but the specific mechanism remains to be further clarified. RESULT Therefore, this paper will elaborate on the currently recognized mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of sepsis, protein phosphorylation mechanism of sepsis inflammatory response and the possibility that mesenchymal stem cells may block the occurrence and development of sepsis by regulating relevant pathways or protein phosphorylation. CONCLUSION It provides a novel target for mesenchymal stem cells to prevent intervention or therapeutically block the development of sepsis.