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BACKGROUND Although the burden of anemia in pregnant women and its consequences on the pregnancy outcome are well documented, there is limited evidence on the association between maternal hemoglobin concentration and low birth weight (LBW) in the study area. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the association between maternal hemoglobin concentration and neonatal birth weight (BW) in Qazvin, Iran, 2018-2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted among 450 neonates with BW < 2500 gm (LBW) and 451 neonates with BW > 2500 gm. In this study neonates with BW less than 2500 gm were cases, while those who were greater than 2500 gm considered as control. Multiple logistic regression model was used to calculate OR with 95% Confidence Interval (95 % CI) to determine the association between maternal anemia, and other maternal attributes and neonate BW. RESULTS Maternal hemoglobin (g/dl) was not significantly associated with neonate BW [OR: 1.03 (95 % CI: 0.58 - 1.81), p = 0.93]. However, maternal initial weight (Kg) [OR: 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.94 - .098), p < 0.001], mother's age in year [OR: 1.04 (95 % CI: 1.00 - 1.09), p = 0.038], gestational age [OR: 0.49 (95 % CI: 0.43 - 0.57), p < 0.001] were significantly associated with neonatal BW. CONCLUSION Maternal hemoglobin concentration was not significantly associated with LBW. However, other maternal attributes such as low initial maternal weight, low gestational age, low education status and old age were significantly associated with LBW. Intervention that targeted mothers with low initial weight, low educational status and older age is required to minimize LBW among neonates in the study area.