LAUSR

BACKGROUND Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a cultivated medicinal herb that has been widely available in the Asian region since the last century. Ginseng root is used worldwide in Oriental medicine. Currently, the global mortality and infection rates for lung cancer and inflammation are significantly increasing. Therefore, various preventive methods related to the activity of ginsenosides have been used for lung cancer as well as inflammation. METHODS Web-based searches were performed on Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, and Scopus. A cancer statistical analysis was also conducted to show the current ratio of affected cases and death from lung cancer around the world. RESULTS Ginsenosides regulates the enzymes involved in tumor growth, and migration. such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), the gelatinase network metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2/9) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). In addition, ginsenosides also possess anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the formation of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-) (TNF-) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and controlling the activities of inflammatory signalling pathways, such as NF-κB, janus kinase2/signal transducer, and activator of transcription3 (Jak2/Stat3). CONCLUSION In several in vitro and in vivo models, P. ginseng showed potential beneficial effects in lung cancer and inflammation treatment. In this review discussion, we summarized in detail the up-to-date research evidence for anti-lung cancer and anti-inflammatory protective effects of ginsenosides and their potential molecular mechanisms.