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BACKGROUND Given the higher rate of hospital admissions among diabetic patients, discharge should be used to optimize outpatient treatment. We evaluate a follow-up program for diabetic patients after hospital discharge to determine the evolution of glycemic control. METHOD Retrospective collection of data on 375 diabetic patients enrolled in the follow-up program for optimization treatment: telephonic follow-up where treatment was adjusted if needed; and three months after discharge an in-person consultation was scheduled. Factors potentially associated with a 1% improvement in HbA1c were studied by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Seventy-three percent of enrolled patients completed the follow-up program; each patient received an average of 4.6 phone calls. Globally, basal mean HbA1c was significantly lower three months later regarding the initial value (8.6 vs. 7.2%); the most relevant lowering was found in the group of hyper-glycemia by poor metabolic control (from 9.9 to 7.7%), combined hyperglycemia (from 9.3 to 7.3%) and debut (from 8.3 to 6.4%). Twenty percent of patients reported capillary hypoglycemia, with two severe events. A shorter duration of diabetes, absence of corticotherapy and absence of hypoglycemia during the follow-up period were independent predictors for a 1% reduction in three-months HbA1c. CONCLUSION In patients whose treatment is changed on hospital discharge, a program allowing frequent treatment adjustment would improve HbA1c levels. These results could help to organize health resources more rationally.