LAUSR

The study aimed to examine the change in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide due to the lockdown amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India at the district level using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the tropospheric column NO2  concentration during 45 days of the lockdown were compared with the same days of 2019. Further, to model spatially varying relationships of NO2 during the lockdown period, it was given as a dependent variable whereas NO2 during the pre-lockdown period was considered as an independent variable. Results show that the mean NO2 concentration was reduced from 0.00406 mol/m2 before the lockdown (2019-03-25 to 2019-05-10) to 0.0036 mol/m2 during the lockdown period (2020-03-25 to 2020-05-10). The maximum decline of NO2 concentration was observed in Gautam Buddha Nagar and Delhi. This indicates the high level of atmospheric pollution due to the excess use of fuel in human activities. The results of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method show a strong positive relationship between both variables. Positive standard residuals indicate that the concentration of NO2 has reduced more than expected as per the OLS model. The z-score (24.11) was obtained from spatial autocorrelation. It indicates that residuals are highly clustered and there is less than a 1% likelihood that this clustered pattern could be a result of a random chance. The highest decrease was observed in districts/urban agglomerations of Gautam Buddha Nagar (-40%), Delhi (-37%), Greater Bombay (-31%), Hyderabad (-29%), Faridabad (-29%), Bangalore Urban (-28%), Gandhinagar (-27%), Chennai (-27%) and Gurgaon (-26%) respectively.