LAUSR

Babies born from 28 weeks gestation onward have a considerable chance of survival. The World Health Organization defines the death of a fetus beyond this gestational age and before birth as a stillbirth. Like many deaths that are largely preventable, the 2 million stillbirths occurring worldwide every year are inequitably distributed.1 Lowand middle-income countries carry the largest burden, accounting for up to 98% of stillbirths. Of the estimated 1 966 000 stillbirths per year worldwide, only 38 000 occur in high-income countries.1 In the past decade, awareness of the high burden of stillbirths has increased, as the global health community has highlighted their impact on the lives of affected parents and communities.2 Stillbirth rates are increasingly regarded as an important indicator of the quality of maternity care.1,3 Nevertheless, many lowand middle-income countries lack accurate and timely data about stillbirths because of limited coverage of civil registration and vital statistics. Instead, national – and therefore global – estimations of stillbirths rely, for the most part, on population-based household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.1 To date, these surveys do not capture data pertaining to antenatal and intrapartum care received by women reporting stillbirths, including data regarding mode of birth. Lack of such data leaves an important knowledge gap regarding the impact of interventions on maternal and newborn outcomes. Recent revisions to the DHS questionnaire (DHS-8) have led the DHS programme to adopt a full pregnancy history module, enabling capture of data on health-care use during pregnancy, as well as mode of birth, for all births.4 In the following discussion, we argue that using data collected through the recently revised questionnaire will be critical to our understanding of caesarean section rates and practices in settings with limited data. Performing caesarean sections either too little, too late (when access is limited) or too much, too soon (when not medically indicated) increases risks of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.5 Caesarean sections may also be performed too much, too late, for women whose baby had already died at the time of surgery. Conducting such procedures without maternal indication exposes women to risks of surgery without saving the life of the baby. This situation is important in low-income settings, as emergency caesarean sections are associated with increased maternal risk of haemorrhage and infection, which may be fatal when there is a shortage of resources to manage these complications.5 Some caesarean sections may be necessary in women with intrauterine fetal death to manage severe maternal complications of pregnancy by prompting immediate birth to save a woman’s life. Such is the case of severe antepartum haemorrhage, life-threatening eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, and some cases of cephalo-pelvic disproportion. Others may have been performed in an attempt to save a baby whose heart was still heard at the start of surgery. In settings with high stillbirth rates, studies suggest that half of all fetal deaths occur during labour, many of which could have been prevented by quality intrapartum care, including emergency caesarean section.1 In the absence of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring or Doppler ultrasound, use of Pinard stethoscopes to diagnose stillbirth may lead to misdiagnosis and misuse of emergency caesarean section. However, many caesarean sections ending in stillbirth are not conducted for any of these reasons but rather for prolonged labour, while the fetal heart rate was either not listened to or listened to but not heard at the time of decision for surgery.3,6,7 Instead of performing caesarean section, alternative options for birth could be considered after fetal death has been confirmed, such as induction of labour, assisted vaginal birth and, in extreme cases, destructive operative vaginal birth. Women should be given the opportunity for an informed choice with the consequences of caesarean section for current and potential future pregnancies clearly discussed. Currently, critical data are unavailable for pregnancies ending in stillbirth, and the exact scale and quality of practice of caesarean sections that are performed without indication or too much, too late, remains invisible, as do the consequences of those caesarean sections on maternal morbidity, including women’s mental health. Little is known about whether the quality of care during caesarean section directly affects risk of stillbirth or if neglect of women experiencing intrauterine fetal death may result in poor intrapartum management.3,8 However, stillbirths are seen as a sensitive indicator of substandard intrapartum care, including challenges in intrapartum monitoring, use of oxytocin, timely decision-making and documentation.3,6 National and local studies evaluating quality of maternity care should strive to include women experiencing stillbirth, because exclusion of such a detrimental outcome of pregnancy results in overestimating quality of care and may contribute to missed opportunities for improvement, especially in the presence of current excessive caesarean section rates associated with stillborn babies. Global caesarean section rates have been rising for the past 30 years and are expected to increase even further, “Too much, too late”: data on stillbirths to improve interpretation of caesarean section rates Siem Zethof, Aliki Christou, Lenka Benova, Jos van Roosmalen & Thomas van den Akker