LAUSR

The Ricean probability density function (pdf) is widely used to estimate the electromagnetic field distribution in indoor environments. The goal of using the Ricean or other pdfs is to evade the computational cost of deterministic field calculation. The parameters of the pdfs are usually obtained using the maximum-likelihood estimation which is here shown to fail in local areas close to the antenna where the direct field varies significantly. This paper presents the new localized maximum likelihood method which is valid in close regions as well. Moreover, the maximum-likelihood method requires a large number of field values within the local area to yield the parameters of the pdf. This paper presents the ray-tracing-maximum-likelihood (RTML) method where a much lower number of field values are required. These values are determined using ray-tracing and without the need to account for the computationally expensive higher-order reflections. The RTML fails in local areas close to the antenna, and thus the new localized RTML is presented to restore accuracy.