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PSMs are a group of beneficial microorganisms that mediate soil phosphorus cycling and biological utilization. The primary function of these micoorganisms is to release phosphorus from insoluble phosphorus compounds to promote the utilization of P by plants (Chen et al., 2019). PSMs category is very wide, including fungi, bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, actinomycetes, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae, etc. Among them, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Bacillus are representatives of fungi, while Enterobacter, Serratia and Pseudomonas are representatives of bacteria (Zaidi et al., 2016; Rawat et al., 2021). In the solubilization mechanism of soil phosphorus by PSM, mineralization of organic phosphorus by biological enzymes (Phytases) (Yadav and Tarafdar, 2011) and solubilization of inorganic phosphorus by organic acids are now widely accepted mechanisms (Chen et al., 2023). Furthermore, some PSMs can also release phosphorus sources from the environment by secreting inorganic acids, such as HCl and H2SO4 (Etesami et al., 2021; Rawat et al., 2021). While PSMs enhance plant growth primarily by providing soluble phosphorus to plants, they also improve the overall performance of plants by providing a variety of other growth-promoting substances. On the one hand, microorganisms produce antibiotics, hydrogen cyanide, iron carriers, antifungal compounds (such as PAL, phenolic compounds and flavonoids) and other biocontrol agents to enhance plant resistance to diseases and pests, and indirectly promote plant growth (Alori et al., 2017). On the other hand, phytohormones secreted by PSM, such as Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), cytokinin, and gibberellin acid, also play an important role in regulating plant growth. Among them, IAA is the plant growth regulator most related to the physiological activity of plants, which has been widely studied. It promotes plants’ ability to absorb nutrients by stimulating root growth, expanding root surface area, and changing plant root morphology (Etesami et al., 2021). The promotion of plant growth by PSMs makes inoculation with PSMs a widely accepted and environmentally friendly method for improving agricultural productivity. Additionaly, the soil phosphorus dissolved by the PSMs often exceeds the demand of plants (Richardson and Simpson, 2011; Raymond et al., 2021), which allows potential excess phosphorus to be used in other environments. This is particularly relevant for ecosystems that rely on plant assistance for their composition, such as for seedling planting, environmental restoration, and landscape renovation. In these cases, PSMs hold significant promise for playing a crucial role in the future. OPEN ACCESS