LAUSR

Rotational straw return technique is considered an effective measure for improving soil quality and maintaining soil microorganisms. However, there are few reports on the influence of wheat–maize crop rotation and straw-returning tillage on crop soil microbial communities in China. This study aimed to investigate how wheat or maize straw-incorporation practices affect bacterial and fungal communities under wheat–maize rotational farming practices. To clarify the effects of straw incorporation on microbial composition, microbial communities from soils subjected to different treatments were identified using high-throughput sequencing. Our results showed that, before corn planting, wheat and maize straw returning reduced bacterial density and increased their diversity but had no effect on fungal diversity. However, before wheat planting, returning wheat and corn stalks to the field increased the diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, whereas returning corn stalks to the field reduced the diversity of fungi and other microorganisms. Straw return significantly increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota in the first season and decreased it in the second season; however, in the second season, wheat straw return increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium, which can promote the soil microbial nitrogen cycle and provide nitrogen to the soil. Wheat and maize straw return increased the relative abundance of Chaetomium, whereas, individually, they decreased the relative abundance. In addition, we detected two fungal pathogens (Fusarium and Trichoderma) under the two planting patterns and found that the relative abundance of pathogenic Fusarium increased with wheat straw return (FW and SW). Trichoderma increased after treatment with maize straw return before wheat planting (S group). These results suggest that wheat straw return (FW and SW) and maize straw return might have a negative impact on the pathogenic risk. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine how to manage straw returns in agricultural production.