LAUSR

The emergence of new antimicrobial resistant and virulent bacterial strains may pose a threat to human and animal health. Bacterial plasmid conjugation is a significant contributor to rapid microbial evolutions that results in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AR). The gut of animals is believed to be a potent reservoir for the spread of AR and virulence genes through the horizontal exchange of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. The study of the plasmid transfer process in the complex gut environment is limited due to the confounding factors that affect colonization, persistence, and plasmid conjugation. Furthermore, study of plasmid transfer in the gut of humans is limited to observational studies, leading to the need to identify alternate models that provide insight into the factors regulating conjugation in the gut. This review discusses key studies on the current models for in silico, in vitro, and in vivo modeling of bacterial conjugation, and their ability to reflect the gut of animals. We particularly emphasize the use of computational and in vitro models that may approximate aspects of the gut, as well as animal models that represent in vivo conditions to a greater extent. Directions on future research studies in the field are provided. Graphical Abstract Models for gut-mediated bacterial conjugation and plasmid transfer. Depiction of conjugative elements (Left, Top), current in silico models (Left, Middle), experimental in vitro models (Left, Bottom), and in vivo animal models (Right) for bacterial conjugation in the gut. Arthropods; spring tails (Folsomia candida), fleas (Alphitobius diaperinus), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), house flies (Musca domestica), beetles (Xenopsylla cheopis); Rhabditidae; nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans); Phasianidae; chickens (Gallus gallus). Leporidae; rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Muridae; mice (Mus musculus), rats (Mus rattus).