LAUSR

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is specific to humans and its prevalence has increased over time (GarciaRuiz and Espay, 2017). Clinical features range from hyposmia and constipation early in the disease to cogwheel rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia (classic triad for clinical diagnosis of PD); and later still postural instability, ataxia, and freezing of gait (FOG) experienced by patients in advanced stages of PD (Jancovic, 2008); these are often refractory to standard medications and even DBS (Lilleeng et al., 2015). Dysphonia, dysphagia, and expressionless faces are other distinctive clinical features. Increasing prevalence is related to longer life expectancy and survival with the disorder; however, changes in lifestyle likely contribute as technological advances occasion a reduction in physical exercise relative to our ancestors. Hunter-gatherers are estimated to have engaged in four times the level of physical activity compared to modern humans, (O’Keefea et al., 2011) and vigorous, even moderate exercise is associated with a >30% reduction in risk of developing PD (Yang et al., 2015). Exercise is known to promote the release of neurotrophic factors in the brain that exert neuroprotective effects (Ahlskog, 2011). The literature on the benefits of clinical neurofeedback in managing PD symptoms has not included the method we employ in our neurology clinic, infralow frequency (<0.01Hz) brain training (ILF). Our purpose is to contribute our experience using ILF in managing our patients with PD.