LAUSR

The number of wheat spikelets is an important phenotypic trait and can be used to assess the grain yield of the wheat crop. However, manual counting of spikelets is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To develop a cost-effective and highly efficient phenotyping system for counting the number of spikelets under laboratory conditions, methods based on imaging processing techniques and deep learning were proposed to accurately detect and count spikelets from color images of wheat spikes captured at the grain filling stage. An unsupervised learning-based method was first developed to automatically detect and label spikelets from spike color images and build the datasets for the model training. Based on the constructed datasets, a deep convolutional neural network model was retrained using transfer learning to detect the spikelets. Testing results showed that the root mean squared errors, relative root mean squared errors, and the coefficients of determination between the automatic and manual counted spikelets for four wheat lines were 0.62, 0.58, 0.54, and 0.77; 3.96, 3.73, 3.34, and 4.94%; and 0.73, 0.78, 0.84, and 0.67, respectively. We demonstrated that the proposed methods can effectively estimate the number of wheat spikelets, which improves the counting efficiency of wheat spikelets and contributes to the analysis of the developmental characteristics of wheat spikes.