LAUSR

Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are devices that use natural enzymes as catalysts to convert chemical energy from bio-sourced fuels into electrical energy. In this review, we summarize recent research progress and applications in the field of biofuel cells based on immobilized enzymes. Specifically, we discuss how to optimize and improve the electrochemical performance and operational stability of enzymatic biofuel cells through enzyme immobilization materials, enzyme immobilization methods, electron transfer improvement on enzyme electrodes, and cell construction methods. We also cover current and future practical applications of biofuel cells based on immobilized enzymes, including implantable enzymatic biofuel cells and wearable enzymatic biofuel cells. Additionally, we present some of the issues that still need to be addressed in the field of biofuel cells based on immobilized enzymes to ensure their technical and commercial viability and sustainability.