LAUSR

This study examines the effectiveness of parapets in preventing overtopping failures of small-scale homogeneous reservoir dams under seismic loads. In this study, a parapet covered the entire width of the dam crest and was designed to ensure its weight is transmitted to the dam crest. The test included four modes: initial mode, first seepage, seismic, and second seepage. The results show that without parapets the crack length and width expand significantly in the dam crest during the seismic mode, and the effect was large in the second seepage mode. The crack depth increased by 11.3–24 times during the seismic mode and expanded up to 73.3% of the dam height in the longitudinal direction along the axis of the crack formed in the dam crest during the second seepage mode. These findings suggest that the earthquake weakened the dam body, making it vulnerable to penetration. In contrast, the parapet structure effectively suppressed most of the tensile cracks by increasing the constraint force. Additionally, no crack expansion or tearing occurred during the second seepage mode post-earthquake, indicating improved seismic performance and suppression of seepage deformation.