LAUSR

The original virtual force algorithm (VFA) is proposed for the two-dimensional node coverage and localization of wireless sensor networks (WSN). This work proposes a novel three-dimensional improved virtual force coverage (3D-IVFC) algorithm for the 3D coverage of nodes in WSN. Firstly, the node coverage theory is analyzed, which is about node coverage in three-dimensional space. Secondly, an improved three-dimensional space virtual force coverage method is proposed with an adaptive virtual force parameter control strategy. Finally, simulation experiments are utilized to verify the performance of the 3D-IVFC approach. Experimental results show that during random initialization, the average coverage rate of the improved 3D space coverage algorithm was increased by 0.76% and the deployment time was reduced by 0.1712 s; during center initialization, the average coverage rate of the improved 3D space coverage algorithm was increased by 0.65% and the coverage time increased slightly. Moreover, the proposed method is also used to solve the three-dimensional surface node coverage of the WSN.