LAUSR

Simple Summary “Anomalocaris” kunmingensis is the most common radiodont in the Guanshan biota, which has been recently reassigned to the family Amplectobeluidae. However, its generic assignment is still uncertain. Our new specimens reveal more characteristic of “Anomalocaris” kunmingensis, warranting the erection of a new genus, Guanshancaris gen. nov. Brachiopod shells bearing embayment injury, and broken trilobites closely associated with the frontal appendages, may indicate durophagous habits of Guanshancaris. The spatial and temporal distribution of Amplectobeluidae, documented in various soft-bodied biota, indicates that this group was restricted to low latitude regions from Cambrian Stage 3 to Drumian, and implies an ecological preference for a shallow-water environment. Abstract Radiodonta, an extinct stem-euarthropod group, has been considered as the largest predator of Cambrian marine ecosystems. As one of the radiodont-bearing Konservat-Lagerstätten, the Guanshan biota (South China, Cambrian Stage 4) has yielded a diverse assemblage of soft-bodied and biomineralized taxa that are exclusive to this exceptional deposit. “Anomalocaris” kunmingensis, the most abundant radiodont in the Guanshan biota, was originally assigned to Anomalocaris within the Anomalocarididae. Despite this taxon being formally assigned to the family Amplectobeluidae more recently, its generic assignment remains uncertain. Here, we present new materials of “Anomalocaris” kunmingensis from the Guanshan biota, and reveal that the frontal appendages possess two enlarged endites; all endites bear one posterior auxiliary spine and up to four anterior auxiliary spines; three robust dorsal spines and one terminal spine protrude from the distal part. These new observations, allied with anatomical features illustrated by previous studies, allow us to assign this taxon to a new genus, Guanshancaris gen. nov. Brachiopod shell bearing embayed injury and incomplete trilobites, associated with frontal appendages in our specimens, to some extent confirm Guanshancaris as a possible durophagous predator. The distribution of amplectobeluids demonstrates that this group is restricted to Cambrian Stage 3 to Drumian, and occurs across South China and Laurentia within the tropics/subtropics belt. Moreover, the amount and abundance of amplectobeluids evidently decreases after the Early–Middle Cambrian boundary, which indicates its possible preference for shallow water, referring to its paleoenvironmental distribution and may be influenced by geochemical, tectonic, and climatic variation.