LAUSR

A comprehensive life cycle cost (LCC) calculation model for engineering structures is proposed, in which economic, environmental, and social cost components are systematically integrated within a unified framework. Unlike traditional LCC approaches that primarily emphasize direct economic expenditures, the model is designed to incorporate pollutant emissions and social externalities, thereby enabling a more holistic evaluation of sustainability over the entire lifespan of the structure. The effectiveness of the model has been demonstrated through application to case studies, where long-term cost implications were captured and sustainable design and maintenance decisions were supported. This integrated framework represents an advancement over existing LCC methodologies by providing a more comprehensive and practical tool for the evaluation of engineering structures.