LAUSR

Simple Summary Despite the implementation of efficient screening and vaccination programs, uterine cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. New therapeutic approaches have so far failed to improve treatment response and prognosis significantly, especially in patients with recurrent disease or metastases. Further, robust molecular markers to predict therapy response and survival are scarce and their routine use is limited in clinical practice. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to identify and establish molecular markers to predict therapy response and clinical outcome to improve treatment and survival in cervical cancer. Abstract Uterine cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Each year, over half a million new cases are estimated, resulting in more than 300,000 deaths. While less-invasive, fertility-preserving surgical procedures can be offered to women in early stages, treatment for locally advanced disease may include radical hysterectomy, primary chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or a combination of these modalities. Concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy regimens remain the first-line treatments for locally advanced cervical cancer. Despite achievements such as the introduction of angiogenesis inhibitors, and more recently immunotherapies, the overall survival of women with persistent, recurrent or metastatic disease has not been extended significantly in the last decades. Furthermore, a broad spectrum of molecular markers to predict therapy response and survival and to identify patients with high- and low-risk constellations is missing. Implementation of these markers, however, may help to further improve treatment and to develop new targeted therapies. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the complex mechanisms of cervical cancer pathogenesis within the context of molecular markers for predicting treatment response and prognosis.