LAUSR

Simple Summary Neuroblastoma and melanoma represent two common aggressive tumors of infancy and adulthood, respectively, with the same origin and poor prognosis. Despite the aggressive treatment, advanced neuroblastoma and melanoma patients are often refractory to therapy, relapse and die. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we demonstrated that RNF5, a ubiquitin ligase involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins, was expressed in neuroblastoma and melanoma patients and positively correlated with better outcome. In line with this observation, Analog-1, a pharmacological activator of RNF5, exerted a potent cytotoxic effect on in vitro and in vivo neuroblastoma and melanoma models by modulating the metabolism, reducing the growth and inducing the death of tumor cells. This study is of high translational relevance since it validates RNF5 as an innovative drug target and supports the development of novel therapies for neuroblastoma and melanoma patients in order to ameliorate their clinical outcome. Abstract RNF5, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) E3 ubiquitin ligase, participates to the ER-associated protein degradation guaranteeing the protein homeostasis. Depending on tumor model tested, RNF5 exerts pro- or anti-tumor activity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the controversial role of RNF5 in neuroblastoma and melanoma, two neuroectodermal tumors of infancy and adulthood, respectively. RNF5 gene levels are evaluated in publicly available datasets reporting the gene expression profile of melanoma and neuroblastoma primary tumors at diagnosis. The therapeutic effect of Analog-1, an RNF5 pharmacological activator, was investigated on in vitro and in vivo neuroblastoma and melanoma models. In both neuroblastoma and melanoma patients the high expression of RNF5 correlated with a better prognostic outcome. Treatment of neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines with Analog-1 reduced cell viability by impairing the glutamine availability and energy metabolism through inhibition of F1Fo ATP-synthase activity. This latter event led to a marked increase in oxidative stress, which, in turn, caused cell death. Similarly, neuroblastoma- and melanoma-bearing mice treated with Analog-1 showed a significant delay of tumor growth in comparison to those treated with vehicle only. These findings validate RNF5 as an innovative drug target and support the development of Analog-1 in early phase clinical trials for neuroblastoma and melanoma patients.